Struma: A Romanian Tragedy

On December 12, 1941, a Greek boat with a Bulgarian captain (G. T. Gorbatenko) under a Panamanian flag left Constanza, Romania bound for Palestine. The 769 passengers on board the 180-ton Struma had paid an exorbitant price for passage on this boat. The ship Struma carried 769 Jews from Romania (both Sephardic and Ashkenazi) to British Palestine in 1942. It was stranded for ten weeks in Istanbul, because Britain didn't permit them to enter the Country. The British government steadfastly refused them visas to Palestine as illegal entrants of an enemy country (Romania). The local Turkish Jewish community helped feed the passengers during the 70 days that the ship remained in the port, prior to its untimely demise. The Struma was towed into the open sea and sunk by a soviet sub on February 24, 1942. Only one person survived - David Stoliar, who now lives in the United States.

Figure 1. Photograph of the Greek Ship Struma

Survivors

Brettschneider, Theodor Benjamin Frenck, David Frenck, Israel Frenck, Tiwia (wife) Ghefner, Emanuel Ludovic, Eduard Ludovic, Emanuel Salamovitz, Medea Segall (child) Segall, M. Segall, (wife) Stollar, David

Listing of all Jews Killed (Not necessarily all Sephardim)

Name	Age	Name	Age	Name	Age
Abramovici, Ghizela	29	Abramovici, Jean	30	Abramovici, Josef	33
Abranovici, Moise	32	Adania, Silvian	25	Adler, Gustav	38
Adler, Israel	19	Adler, Oswald	45	Adler, Tilia	37
Agar, Simon Zeilig	33	Aizic, David	22	Alcalay, Sara	39
Alter, Bentin	37	Alter, Betty	20	Alter, Estera	11
Alter, Jacob	05	Alter, Toni	35	Ambrovici,Latei	21
Antonier,Jacques	31	Antonier, Rodica	20	Apfelberg, H Salomon	31
Apotheker, Aron	44	Apotheker, Duca	38	Apotheker, Julius	17
Appel, Avram Alex	21	Appel, Emanuel	19	Appel, Feiga	41
Appel, Israel	52	Appel, Zoltan	16	Aranovici, Natalia	20
Aronescu, Mina	25	Aronovici, Lulu	30	Aronsescu, Seigfried	31
Aurielian, Alexandru	31	Avner, Berthold	34	Avner, Mesalina	28
Avram, Saie	24	Bach, Juster Octav	24	Baculu, Ichil	33
Baculu, Miriam	01	Baculu, Sena Tivia	37	Banek, Jose'	20
Banek, Debora	50	Barber, Lita	21	Barber, Seigfried	37
Baron, Adolf Herbert	17	Baron, Gusta	41	Baron, Marcel	40
Baron, Richard	12	Bartfield, Martin	15	Baruch, Cecilia	31
Beer, Ionel	21	Beilich, Egon	17	Bercovici, Alfred	09
Bercovici, Cornel Adrian	02	Bercovici, Ignat	42	Bercovici, Ionia	33
Bercovici, Margareta	31	Bercu, Betty	26	Bercu, Josif	29
Berlandt, Eduard	57	Berlandt, Eliza	49	Berlandt, Lazar Luza	19
Berman, Fischi	29	Berry, Waldi	20	Binder, Josif	47
Binder, Marcu	14	Binderer, Leopold	23	Birnstein, M Samuel	22
Blanck, Osias	28	Blumenfeld, Leiba	27	Braun, Eugen	37
Braun, Judita	03	Braun, Maria	37	Brettschneider, Theo Benjamin	21
Breyer, Zoltan	39	Brill, Frieda	39	Brill, Marcel	39
Brill, Sonia	11	Bucspan, Grigore	54	Bucspanenta, Zlata	55
Butnaru, Elias	20	Butter, Alexandru	33	Butter, Bertina	27
Cahan, Ilie	22	Calihman, Avram	50	Calihman, Bela Liuba	45
Camerman, Solomon	23	Caneti, Virginia	35	Canetti, Isak	40
Canetti, Jose	07	Caufman, Saine	27	Chessel, Mordhai	27
Ciobataru, Alfred	34	Ciovanile, Jean Marcel	38	Clarfeld, Matte	41
Coganschi, Ana	17	Coganschi, Haia	45	Coganschi, Josif	57
Cohen, Bercu	12	Cohen, Simona	32	Cohn, Adolf	59
Cohn, David	21	Cohn, Giorgio	01	Cohn, Ionel	19
Cohn, J. Zalman	35	Cohn, Roza	59	Cohn, Toba	34
Coifman,Tauba Haia	54	Coifman, Strul	53	Cojocaru, Carol	19
Cornblut, Mauriciu	27	Cornblut, Zela	20	Cotingaru, Debora	23
Cotingaru, Lupu	24	Cottingaru, Debora	23	Cottingaru, Lupu	26
Dain, Haim Abraham	55	Dain, Olga	13	Dain, Sura	50
David, Rifca Alia Amilia	61	David, Etti	28	David, Stoliar	20
Davidovitch, Sofia	22	Diamant, Ghizela	33	Diamant,Micu	37
Diamant,Simona	08	Dichter, A Ionel	41	Ditz, Eugene	27
Draht, S Paul	40	Dulitchi, Rachil	40	Eckstein, Roza	22
Edelstein, Clara	29	Edelstein, Jean	25	Edelstein,Leon	32
Eisig, Louis	20	Eisig, Mircea	18	Elcovici, Naftuli	24
Elias, Barat	27	Elias,Avram Bernard	10	Elias, Josef	37
Elias, Medea	34	Elias, Roji	13	Elias, Sofia	21
Epstein, Matias	37	Epstein, Sara Rebecca	26	Erbst, Matei	21
Farchi, Henry	22	Fegler, Max	31	Feigenbaum, Elias	29
Feigenbaum, Liza	23	Feigenbaum, Ruhla	53	Feingold, Otto Jacques	21
Feld, Margareta	28	Feld, Nicolae	36	Feldman, Ester	40
Feldman, Isac	18	Feldstein, Avram	02	Feldstein, David	34
Feldstein, Ghenrich	31	Feldstein,Gheorge	23	Feldstein, Ghizela Luiza	28
Feldstein, Nelli	23	Feldstein,Robert	28	Feldstein, Rozica	23
Feldstein, Sure	33	Fell, Solomon	22	Feller, Gustav	29
Fischer, Jacob	40	Fischer, Lenea	35	Fischer, Rozica	44
Fischer, Rudi	16	Fischer, Silvia	18	Fischer, Zoltan	09
Fischman, Nisen	22	Fleischer,Ana	33	Fleischer, David	44
Fleischer, Malettta	36	Fleisher, Robert	08	Flinker, Claus Lola	15
Flinker, Jeanette	51	Flinker, Richard	17	Frangheim, Aron	17
Frenck, David	19	Frenck, Israel	25	Frenck, Tiwia	24
Friedman, Desideriu	42	Friedman, Ileana	19	Friedman, Nicolae	13
Friedman, Sofia	38	Fruchter,Isac	18	Fruchter, Jehuda	16
Fruchtman,Henriettte	26	Fruchtman,Solomon	27	Fuchs, Mauriciu	29
Galatan, Moisc	47	Galatan, Rosina	45	Galia, Jean Haralambie	22
Gartenberg, Arnold	33	Gartenberg, Felix	31	Gartenberg, Rifca	28
Gethel,Moritz	45	Ghefner, Emanuel	27	Ghelber, Heinrich	44
Ghelber, Leia Hude	39	Ghelberg, M Paul	18	Ghelman, Alexandru	28
Ghelman, Fania	21	Ghelman, Feiga Ganea	26	Ghelman,Moise	29
Ghenzer, Ernestine	39	Ghenzer, Magdalena	07	Ghetel, Basia Frieda	32
Ghettler, Josef	50	Ghettler, Lya	45	Ghettler, J Macas	19
Ghinsberg, Adrian	07	Ghinsberg,Evelina	32	Ghinsberg, Marcu	32
Girsch, Adalbert	38	Glaubse, J Emanuel	23	Glicman, Abram	48
Glicman, Eughenia	34	Glicman, Jacov	07	Glicman, Liza	70
Glicman, Rita	10	Gluckman, Alfred	30	Gluckman, Sophie	24
Goldenberg, Jassy	26	Goldenberg, Osias	24	Goldman, Alex	40
Goldman, Hans	04	Goldman, Rachela	07	Goldman, Turia	32
Goldstein, Ana	26	Goldstein, Armand	25	Goldstein, Eliazar	31
Goldstein,Moise Haim	19	Goldstein,Marcu	50	Goldstein,L Simon	40
Goldstein, Simon	41	Goldstein,Stefaina	29	Gornstein,Herman	30
Gottesman,Jacob	33	Gottlieb, Bronislawa	52	Gottlieb, Henry	54
Gottlieb, Paul Norbert	21	Gottlieb, Thea Ruth	19	Grammer, Josif	18
Granovschi, Ghers	30	Grief, Calman	24	Griefer, Marcel	22
Grinberg, Moritz	42	Grinberg, Stela	19	Grinberger,Adolf	19
Grobdrug, Alevai	22	Gross, Nora	26	Gross, Vistor Paul	16
Grossman, Marcel	20	Gruber, Isac	34	Gruehberg, Ferdinand	24
Gruenberg, Efraim	30	Gruenberg, Jean	21	Gruenberg, Wolfy	28
Gruenfeld, Laszlo	38	Grunberg, Gabriel	25	Grunberg, Irina	21
Grunberg, Otto	27	Grunsfeld, Eisig	30	Grupper,Filip	27
Grupper, Rachele	36	Guttermacher, Smil	21	Guttman, Adelina	25
Guttman, Alexander	27	Hafner, Lucy	20	Haim, Sabine	30
Haimovici, Carol	19	Haimovici, Vergil	30	Haltin, Ida	55
Haras, Sergiu	15	Hascolovici, Josif	26	Hascolovici, Rachela	30
Hascolovici,Sergiu	06	Hassan,Eduard	20	Hassan, Juditha	17
Hefter, Harry	21	Heimovici, Angelica	20	Heinis, Beris	21
Hellenbrandt, Louis	21	Heller,Bertha	36	Heller, Leon	46
Heller, Oswald	02	Heller, Pepi	54	Henic,Henic	22
Herovici, Theodor	21	Herscher,Malca	30	Herscher, Samuel	34
Herscobici,Sally	41	Herscovici, Edith	10	Herscovici, Harry	22
Herscovici,Marcel	44	Herscovici,Maximilian	39	Herscovici,Mosia	18
Herscu,Eva	35	Herscu, J Herscu	40	Herscu, Sofia	04
Hertzblut, Matilda	53	Highelman, Haim	18	Hirsch, Gabriela	02
Hirsch, Roza	34	Holici, Alfred	35	Holici, Jeanette	28
Hornstein, Carol	30	Horowitz, Daniel	19	Husin, Sali	28
Ianchelevici, Ety	10	Ianchelevici, Nisen	48	Ianchelevivi, Frieda	37
Iancu, Sofia	40	Ionas, Clara	25	Ionas, Cohn	21
Ionia, Josif	28	Iram, Haim	27	Istacescu, Adela	57
Istacescu, Alfred	08	Itic, Aurel	24	Itic, Avram	21
Iticovici, Adela	24	Iticovici, Adela	61	Iticovici, Corneliu	18
Iticsohn, Albert	22	Izsak, I Emeric	24	Jacobovici Fainaru, Pincu	46
Jancovici, Moritz	30	Jancu, Itic	68	Jancu, Moise	30
Javovici, Bernard	19	Jonas, Iancu	34	Josubas, Itic	32
Juster, Harry	20	Juster, Mircea	22	Kaffrisen, Marcu	27
Kahane, Julius	35	Kanna, Gustav	20	Kannik, Dr. Ernest	30
Kart, Armand	19	Katz, Friedrike	39	Katz, Sigmund	45
Katz, Zeilig	20	Kelen, Nikolae	38	Kelman, Matilda	20
Kesselbrenner, Ghittel	55	Klein, Herman	25	Klein, Josef	38
Kleinburg, Mandel	27	Koenigsberg, Berta	20	Koenigsberg, Fritz	18
Koenigsberg, Luisa	43	Koenigsberg, Osias	48	Korn, Malvina	20
Kothringer, Ilse	20	Kraus,Clara	30	Kraus, Marcel	37
Landau, Emil	31	Landau, Ruhla	30	Landau, Hortansa Silvia	33
Landman, Harry	33	Landman, Jose	10	Landman, Liza	36
Landman, Willy	39	Langenmass, Dwora	49	Langenmass, Ruth	17
Latarovici, Milu	18	Lauer, Adolf	33	Lazarescu, David	28
Lazarescu, Heinrich	30	Lazarescu, Hentia	21	Lazarescu, Paulina	29
Lazarovici, Renee	20	Lazarovicz, Severim	54	Lecker Leon Leib	34
Leibovici, Levinda Corneliu	40	Leibovici, Haia	38	Leibovici, Leib Itic	49
Leibovici, G Louis	27	Leibovici, Marcu	25	Leibovici, Simon	22
Leobovici, Basa	30	Leobovici, Salomon	37	Leon, Marcu	21
Leongiu, Eduard	08	Leongiu, Maguerita	10	Leongiu, Rica	31
Lewy, Haim	23	Liebovici, Heinrich	20	Liebovici, Jacob	27
Liebovici, Lizica Leoniu	44	Liebovici, Silviu Leoniu	51	Limbarski, Dora	54
Linbarski, David	57	Livovschi, Basia	60	Livovschi, Smil Wolf	69
Livowski, Sara	29	Lobel, Horia	30	Longiu, Armand	36
Lorin, Silviu	27	Lowenstein, Carol	18	Lucian, Mayer	32
Lucian, Julian Meyer	08	Lucian, Chena Meyer	31	Ludovic, Eduard	39
Ludovic, Emanuel	36	Lupovici, Blima	26	Lupovici, Smil	27
Lupu, Bertina	22	Lupu, Itrul	29	Madger, Edmond	50
Magazanik, Ofsci	67	Maier, M Avram	30	Maier, M Fani	24
Maler, Ladislau	22	Mandel, Jacob	16	Manole, Lazar	22
Marcovici, Henry	20	Marcovici, Moise	26	Marcu, Luzetta	24
Marcu, Sabrina	22	Marcus, Ana	32	Marcus, Aneta	41
Marcus, Avram	28	Marcus, Cilja	21	Marcus, Ivette	07
Marcus, Leon	29	Marcus, H Lupu	42	Marcus, Malvina	21
Marcus, Marga	13	Marcus, Mendel	69	Marcus, Roza	52
Margimlius, Margerita	18	Margulius, Aurel	23	Margulius, Efraim	35
Margulius, Evel	25	Margulius, Harry	20	Matters, Lazar	29
Maximilian, Apogi	20	Mayer, Artur	32	Mayer, Silvia	20
Mayersohn, Hana	40	Mayersohn, Henry	43	Mayerson, Ana	36
Meerlaub, Moritz	37	Mendelovici, Clara	45	Mendelsohn, Eduard	29
Mihailovici, Dorel	17	Mihalovici, Alrenscu	45	Mihalovici, Frima	40
Mindirigiu, Machum Naftali	41	Mindirigiu, Avica Nachum	35	Mitrani, Jonel	24
Moise, J Ciprut	29	Moisescu, Frusina	38	Moisescu, Joseif	44
Moisescu, Mircea	10	Moisescu, Nelu	13	Monblatt, Samuel	19
Muller, Mintea	29	Munteanu, Victor	26	Nachim, Clara	27
Nachim, Josub	38	Nachim, B Nuna	02	Nachman, Estera	35
Nachman, Lupu	39	Nachman, Mauriciu	21	Nacht, Oscar	34
Nadler, Albert	30	Nadler, Josef	26	Nadler, N Marcel	33
Nadler, Roza	19	Nagi, Mauriciu	16	Nathansohn, Sami	29
Nauman, Solomon	28	Nestoitu, Sara	54	Neuberger, Ghiter	34
Neuberger, Louis	46	Neuberger, Valentina	08	Nulman, Genric	18
Nulman, Isac	42	Nulman, Sara	37	Nurenberg, Mathilda	18
Nussbaum, Andornic	19	Nussbaum, Berta	53	Ormeanu, Otto	46
Ostfeld, Osac	25	Paucker, Jean Leonard	27	Paucker, Rebecca	29
Peisi, Josef	28	Pencovici, Leon	16	Peretz, Anutza	31
Peretz, Avram	34	Perlmutter, Sara	17	Pescaru, Iancu	21
Pescaru, Salomon	41	Pescaru, Sura	39	Picker, Fany	27
Picker, Friedrich	51	Picker, Herbert Julius	28	Picker, Marcel	31
Picker, Miriam Sylvia	17	Picker, Roza	45	Pincu, Herscu	40
Pincu, Josifenia	39	Pincu, Liviu	09	Pitaru, Ghizela	39
Placu,Jacob	32	Plaiu, Denis	06	Plaiu, Nihana	31
Platzman, Adrian	14	Platzman, Moritz	43	Platzman, Sophie	39
Pomerantz, J Carol	28	Poplinger, Alfred	18	Rabinovici, Arnold	28
Rabinovici, Ida	21	Rada, Ichil	43	Radulescu, Misu	20
Radzwiller, Avram	35	Radzwiller, Nina	27	Rechtman, Jacob	38
Rechtman, Marie	08	Rechtman, Perla	39	Reichman, Clara	31
Reichman, Herta	67	Reichman, Moritz	32	Reichman,Silvia	28
Reinstein, Alfred	22	Rintzler, Aron	46	Rintzler, Fani	38
Risman, Franciso	20	Ritter, David	35	Roitman, Sonia	18
Roscu, Hugues	28	Roscu, Israel	25	Rosenberg, Elisabeta	50
Rosenberg, Maria	12	Rosenberg, Palus	21	Rosenberg, Simeon	54
Rosenfeld, Marcel	15	Rosenthal, Noel	32	Rosenzweig, Aurica	15
Rosenzweig, Betty	39	Rosenzweig, Elly	15	Rosenzweig, Harry	17
Rosenzweig, Pincu	47	Rosenzweig, Salomon	23	Rosenzwitt, Solomon	31
Rosner, Bernard	52	Rosner, Etty	51	Rotman, Iancu	21
Rottenberg, Saul	21	Rotter, Bela	19	Rotter, Bruno	20
Rubinstein, Fany	33	Rubsel, Mihail	29	Sachter, Leon	26
Safran, Samuel	19	Sahter, Sara	22	Sailovschi, Ella	25
Salamovitz, Medea	22	Salamovitz, Saimon	24	Salik, Ghason	41
Sapiro, Max	50	Sapiro, B Meet	21	Schachter, Blima	42
Schachter, Burah	44	Schachter, Eugen	07	Schachter, Josef	16
Schachter, Max	20	Schacter, Hersan Calman Hahamu	40	Schacter, Charlotte	35
Scharf, Clara	19	Scharf, Nessi Ita	56	Scharf, Smil	57
Schatcher, Francisca	20	Schattner, Beno	30	Schattner, Abraham Leo	53
Schechter, Cudris	11	Schechter, Ruca Paul	46	Schechter, Ruchla	40
Schemnitz, Ernest	28	Schemnitz, Mina	26	Schiff, Alexandru	25
Schiff, Ewa	23	Schmatnik, Leo	39	Schmatnik, Trili	40
Schmetterling, Ernest Emanuel	19	Schmetterling, Frieda	49	Schmetterling, Marcu	62
Schmetterling, Victor	22	Schnapp, Heinz Erich	22	Schonberger, A Ladislau	21
Schonberger, Pavel	26	Schonfeld, Hugo	18	Schor, Gertha Marga	24
Schor, Sigfried	42	Schorr, Julietta	21	Schwart, Clara	33
Schwart, Valentin	07	Schwartz, Marcu Alter	27	Schwartz, Avram	30
Schwartz, Frieida	27	Schwartz, Haia	36	Schwartz, Henriette	29
Schwartz, Josub	43	Schwartz, M. Lupu	20	Schwartz, Miryam	01
Schwartz, Rebecca	28	Schwartz, Solomon	37	Schwartz, Sorin	.5
Schwartz, Tamara	04	Schweifel, Ana Sura	28	Schweifel, Manade	31
Schweifel, Mircea Serban	03	Segal, Filip	20	Segal, Ghizela	20
Segal, Jeanette	29	Segal, Jules	29	Segal, Lina	53
Segal,Robert	25	Segal, Saul	33	Segalescu, Henriette	22
Segall, Clotilda	29	Segall, Haim	30	Segall, Hermina	29
Segall, Silene	30	Senator, Friedrich	22	Siegelman, Andrei	06
Siegelman, Rachela	31	Siegelman, E Solomon	36	Sigmund, A Josef	21
Silberbusch, Gerhard	33	Silberman, Burah	37	Silberman, Eleonora	28
Silberman, Frieda	29	Silberman, Issac	18	Silberman, Rubin	32
Silberman, Silvia	24	Silberstien, Gherson	36	Silvian, D Emil	28
Silvian, Maxim	28	Simon, Carolina	30	Simon, Josef	30
Simon, Lucian	19	Simon, Moise	26	Simon, Pesia	32
Simon, B. Simon	42	Sin, Smaia Smil	34	Sloimovici, Emanoil	19
Sloimovici, Peisich Jacob	30	Sloimovici, Roza	16	Sloimovici, Saul	15
Slomovici, Maria	29	Smil, Israel	28	Smil, Rifka	29
Smilovici, Ana	20	Smilovici, Ana	20	Smilovici, Beno	25
Smilovici, Beno	26	Smilovici, Ida	39	Smilovici, Leonard	44
Smilovici, Nora	17	Solomon, David Lazar	23	Solomon, Dorel	20
Solomon, Virgil	17	Sonenreich, Avram	33	Sonenreich, Rachela	30
Sonenreich, Sami	03	Spahariu, Dvora	18	Speise, L Bernard	20
Spiegel, Avram	41	Spiegel, Claude	05	Spiegel, Etty Enta	36
Spiegel, Mauriciu	07	Spiegel, Solien	11	Spierer, Basil Julian	16
Spierer, Rudolfina	49	Spierer, Samuel Josif	52	Spivak, Avram	32
Stahl, Desideru	19	Stahl, Jacques	32	Starosta, Ester	44
Starosta, Luzer	60	Stein, Moise	35	Steinbach, Leo Henry	26
Steinbach, Reica	26	Sternberg, Menelas	17	Stier, Anisoara	.8
Stier, Etty	21	Stier, Samuel	31	Stoffer, Saul	31
Norber Storfert	22	Strauss, Elisabeta	32	Suchard, Soive	22
Suchard, William	30	Sulimovici, Rebecca	32	Sulimovici, Samy	33
Sulitzeanu, S. Moritz	25	Sulmovici, Josif	19	Suzei, Moritz	18
Talisman, David	17	Talmanovici, Saul	28	Tamber, Ana	33
Tannenbaum, Leo	28	Tecuceanu, Isac	22	Tercatin, Isac	25
Terckel, Lazar	26	Terckel, Sonia	24	Tetelzweig, Ana	26
Tetelzweig, Isac	30	Tzimand, Jacques	24	Ungar, Albert	20
Veisberg, Hedwig	33	Veisberg, Rudolf	39	Vogel, Carol	43
Wachtel, JoJo	21	Wagner, Reghina	39	Wagner, Walter	21
Wagner, Wilheim	49	Walter, Mauriciu	33	Walter, Mignon	05
Walter, Israel Strauss	31	Wasserman, Tobi	22	Wecsler, Elias	30
Wecsler, Etty	21	Weinberg, Clara	22	Weinberg, Natan	29
Weinberg, Rubin	30	Weingarten, Avramide	22	Weingarten, Benjamin	18
Weingarten, Meyer	52	Weingarten, Tifra	51	Weinstein, Josif	23
Weinstein, Moritz	25	Weinstein, Simon	25	Weintraub, Julius	38
Weintraub, Leo	19	Weiss, Avram	29	Weiss, Maria	26
Weiss, Paul	03	Weissler, Marcu	26	Weitman, Avram	23
Wittenberg, Simon	28	Wolfshaut, Hans	28	Zaharia, Marcu	34
Zaitz, Bendit	44	Zaitz, Rebeca	17	Zeitz, Sara	45
Zeller, Mayer Carol	38	Zeller, Mayer Gusta	36	Zilberman, Penchas	24
Zissman, Sura	58	Zissu, Avram	30	Zolkiver, Louis	21

References

• Central Zionist Archives [Jerusalem], (L15/143).
• Ofer, Dalia. Struma. Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Ed. Israel Gutman. New York: Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1990.
• Halevy, Mayer A. Contributiuni la istoria Evreilor in Romania: Bucuresti, 1933.
• Jerusalem, Summer 1998 The Hebrew University The Faculty of Humanities : Newsletter 14.
• Stoian, Mihai. Ultima cursa de la Struma la Mefkure Bucuresti: Editura Hasefer, 1995.
• Wasserstein, Bernard. Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. London: Clarendon Press, 1979.
• Yahil, Leni. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.